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\n\nAdjectives are words such as “beautiful”, “ugly”, “new” or “old”. They usually denote qualities or have a descriptive meaning. The most typical position for an adjective is between a determiner and a noun. Typical forms of adjective endings are: “-able\/-ible”, “-ish\/-like”, “-ful\/-less”, “-ous” or “-y”. Adjectives may display inflection for degree: “-er” & “-est”. They have two main functions: as modifiers of nouns in nominal groups, and as head of an adjectival group.<\/p>\n
An adjectival group<\/em> is typically a group with an adjective as its Head<\/em>. That adjective is likely to be modified either before the adjective (pre-modification<\/em>) or after the adjective (post-modification<\/em> or qualification<\/em>) or both. Pre-modifier are always adverbs <\/em>– “e.g. extremely, rather, too, very”. Post-modifiers are often adverbs<\/em>, prepositional phrases<\/em> or certain types of clause<\/em>. For example, in the adjectival group “very difficult indeed”, “difficult” is an adjective in the head <\/em>position. It is pre-modified by “very” and post-modified – or qualified by – “indeed”.<\/p>\n Adjectives and adjectival groups<\/em> are commonly used in academic texts (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad & Finegan, 1999, p. 506).<\/p>\n Adjectives<\/em> or adjectival groups<\/em> can be used either attributively<\/strong> <\/em>(e.g. the big house) or predicatively<\/em><\/strong>\/as complements <\/em>(e.g. the house is big)<\/p>\n Adjectival groups are commonly used attributively as pre<\/em>– or post<\/em>–modifiers <\/em>of nouns <\/em>in nominal groups<\/em>.<\/p>\n For example:<\/p>\n Complex adjectival groups used as complements are common in academic writing.<\/p>\n Typical adverbs <\/em>are words such as “hopefully” or “recently”. However, other words, such as “now”, “then”, “always”, “often”\u00a0 are also classified as adverbs. Many adverbs have the “-ly” ending.<\/p>\n There are three main positions for adverbs<\/em>: before the subject <\/em>of the sentence, between the subject <\/em>and the predicator<\/em>, at the end of the clause<\/em>.<\/p>\n Traditionally adverbs are divided into 5 main categories<\/strong>: <\/p>\n 1. circumstantial<\/strong> adverbs (of time, place, manner, etc.): tomorrow, then, sooner, later, here, there, outside, down, through, near, far, carefully, quietly, academically, etc.<\/p>\n 2. stance<\/strong> adverbs: certainly, apparently, wisely, hopefully, thankfully, etc.<\/p>\n 3. degree<\/strong> adverbs: most, least, …quietly, fairly, roughly, more or less, enough, too, etc.<\/p>\n 4. focusing<\/strong> adverbs: just, hardly, only, even, etc.<\/p>\n5. connective<\/strong> adverbs: first, furthermore, altogether, otherwise, or rather, etc. Adverbs are relatively less common in academic texts. According to Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad & Finegan, (1999, p. 65), approximately 10% of lexical words in academic texts are adverbs<\/em>, 55% are nouns<\/em>, 20% are adjectives<\/em>, and 15% are verbs<\/em>.<\/p>\n An adverbial group<\/em> is typically a group with an adverb <\/em>as its head<\/em><\/strong>. That adverb <\/em>is likely to be modified either before the adverb <\/em>(pre-modification<\/em>) or after the adverb <\/em>(post-modification<\/em> or qualification<\/em>) or both. For example, in the adverbial group<\/em> “more fluently than before”, “fluently” is an adverb <\/em>in the head <\/em>position. It is pre-modified<\/em> by “more” and post-modified<\/em> or qualified <\/em>by “than before”.<\/p>\n\n
\n\t\tAdverb\n\t<\/h2>\n\t
\n\n\n\t\tAdverbial Group\n\t<\/h2>\n\t
\n\t\tShort Quiz\n\t<\/h2>\n\t\n
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