(2019, Winter).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nFor unpublished, informally published, or in-progress works, provide the year the work was produced. Do not use “in progress” or “submitted for publication” in the date element of a reference.<\/p>\n
If a work has been accepted for publication but is not yet published, use the term “in press” instead of a year.<\/p>\n
(in press).<\/p>\n
If a work is an advance online publication, use the year of the advance online publication in the reference.<\/p>\n
When the date of original publication is approximate, use the abbreviation “ca.” (which stands for “circa”).<\/p>\n
(ca. 1999).<\/p>\n
If a date of last update is available (such as for a webpage), use it in the reference. Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed.<\/p>\n\n
Include a retrieval date only if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time. Most references do not include retrieval dates.<\/p>\n
When a retrieval date is needed, use the following format for it.<\/p>\n\n\n
The title <\/em>refers to the title of the work being cited. Titles fall into two broad categories:<\/p>\n\n- works that stand alone (e.g., whole books, reports, gray literature, dissertations and theses, informally published works, data sets, videos, films, TV series, albums, podcasts, social media, and works on websites) and<\/li>\n
- works that are part of a greater whole (e.g., periodical articles, edited book chapters, TV and podcast episodes, and songs).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
When a work stands alone (e.g., a report), the title of that work appears in the title element of the reference. When a work is part of a greater whole (e.g., a journal article or edited book chapter), the title of the article or chapter appears in the title element of the reference and the title of the greater whole (the journal or edited book) appears in the source element.<\/p>\n
When the title of the work cannot be determined, treat the work as having no title.<\/p>\n\n
For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g., journal articles, edited book chapters), capitalize the title using sentence case. Do not italicize the title or use quotation marks around it:<\/p>\n
Happy fish in little ponds: Testing a reference group model of achievement and emotion.<\/p>\n
For works that stand alone (e.g., books, reports, webpages), italicize the title, and capitalize it using sentence case:<\/p>\n
Becoming brilliant: What science tells us about raising successful children<\/em>.<\/p>\nFor book and report references, enclose edition information, report numbers, and volume numbers in parentheses after the title. Do not add a period between the title and the parenthetical information. Do not italicize the parenthetical information. If both edition and volume information are included, separate these elements with a comma, placing the edition number first:<\/p>\n
The psychology of music<\/em> (3rd ed.).<\/p>\nNursing: A concept-based approach to learning<\/em> (2nd ed., Vol. 1).<\/p>\nIf a numbered volume has its own title, the volume number and title are included as part of the main title, rather than in parentheses:<\/p>\n
APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: Vol. 1. Building and developing the organization<\/em>.<\/p>\nFinish the title element with a period. However, if the title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, that punctuation mark replaces the period:<\/p>\n
Late-onset unexplained epilepsy: What are we missing?<\/p>\n\n
To help identify works outside the peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e., works other than articles, books, reports, etc.), provide a description of the work in square brackets after the title and before the period. Capitalize the first letter of the description, but do not italicize the description:<\/p>\n
Comprehensive meta-analysis<\/em> (Version 3.3.070) [Computer software].<\/p>\nExamples of works that include bracketed descriptions are some audiobooks, gray literature (e.g., press releases), audiovisual works (e.g., films, YouTube videos, photographs), software and mobile apps, data sets, manuscripts in preparation, and dissertations and theses. Bracketed descriptions are also used in social media references to indicate attached links or images. When in doubt, include a description. Consistency of wording is helpful, but you may alter the wording shown in the examples to best convey the information readers need to understand the nature of the work.<\/p>\n\n
The source <\/em>indicates where readers can retrieve the cited work. As with titles, sources fall into two broad categories: works that are part of a greater whole and works that stand alone.<\/p>\n\n- The source for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter) is that greater whole (i.e., the journal or edited book), plus any applicable DOI or URL.<\/li>\n
- The source for a work that stands alone (e.g., whole book, report, dissertation, thesis, film, TV series, podcast, data set, informally published work, social media, webpage) is the publisher of the work, database or archive, social media site, or website, plus any applicable DOI or URL.<\/li>\n
- A location is not required in the source element for most works (e.g., do not include the publisher location for book references).<\/li>\n
- Works associated with a specific location (e.g., artwork in a museum, conference presentations) include location information in the source and, depending on the work, may also include a DOI or URL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
If a work is not recoverable, treat it as having no source.<\/p>\n\n
The format of the source varies depending on the reference type. The most common cases are presented next.<\/p>\n
\n\n\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Periodical title, volume, issue, page range, and DOI or URL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Periodical title, volume, issue, article number, and DOI or URL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Publisher name and DOI or URL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Information about the whole book (including editor name, book title, edition and\/or volume number, page range, and publisher name) and DOI or URL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Website name and URL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n URL<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n Database and archive information is seldom needed in reference list entries. For example, if you retrieved a work from an academic research database, the reference very rarely includes the name of the database or the URL of the work on the database.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t Missing Reference Information<\/h4>\n\t\t\tSometimes the information needed to create a reference list entry is missing or unknown. When this is the case, there are various strategies to adapt the reference.<\/p>\n The following table shows the basic structure of an APA Style reference to a published work, adapted for missing information, along with the corresponding in-text citations.<\/p>\n \n\n\n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Provide the author, date, title, and source of the work.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Author. (Date). Title. Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n (Author, year)<\/p>\n Author (year)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Provide the title, date, and source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Title. (Date). Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n (Title, year)<\/p>\n Title (year)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Provide the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the title and source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Author. (n.d.). Title. Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n (Author, n.d.)<\/p>\n Author (n.d.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Provide the author and date, describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n (Author, year)<\/p>\n Author (year)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Provide the title, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Title. (n.d.). Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n (Title, n.d.)<\/p>\n Title (n.d.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the date and source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n [Description of work]. (Date). Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n ([Description of work], year)<\/p>\n [Description of work] (year)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Provide the author, write “n.d.” for “no date,” describe the work in square brackets, and then provide
the source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n Author. (n.d.). [Description of work]. Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n (Author, n.d.)<\/p>\n Author (n.d.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Describe the work in square brackets, write “n.d.” for “no date,” and then provide the source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n [Description of work]. (n.d.). Source.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n ([Description of work], n.d.)<\/p>\n [Description of work] (n.d.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| \n\n<\/td>\n | \n Cite as a personal communication or find another work to cite (see the Publication Manual<\/em> for more information).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n| \n No reference list entry<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n (C. C. Communicator, personal communication, month day, year)<\/p>\n C. C. Communicator (personal communication, month day, year)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n\n For a missing author, do not use “Anonymous” as the author unless the work is actually signed “Anonymous.” If the work is signed “Anonymous,” use “Anonymous” in the reference and in-text citation.<\/p>\n Anonymous. (2017). Stories from my time as a spy<\/em>. Bond Publishers.<\/p>\n\n- Parenthetical citation:<\/em><\/strong> (Anonymous, 2017)<\/li>\n
- Narrative citation:<\/em><\/strong> Anonymous (2017)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
If the work is not actually signed “Anonymous,” the title moves to the beginning of the reference and is used in place of the author name, as shown in the table.<\/p>\n\n The date in the reference list entry for a work with a publication date may be a year only, and month and year, or a specific date (e.g., a month, day, and year); however, in the in-text citation, provide the year only.<\/p>\n For an in-press work, use “in press” for the date in both the reference list entry and in-text citation.<\/p>\n For a work with no date, use “n.d.” in both the reference list entry and the in-text citation.<\/p>\n\n Italic formatting within the title or source varies by reference and is not shown in the table. In general, the title is italicized for a work that stands alone (e.g., book, report, webpage on a website), and some part of the source is italicized for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, newspaper article).<\/p>\n \n\t\tShort Quiz\n\t<\/h3>\n\t\n | | |
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