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\n\t\n\tIt is the responsibility of the writer or formal speaker in English to make it clear to the reader or listener how the various parts of the text are connected. These connections can be made explicit grammatically and lexically by the use of different reference words.\u00a0 Every text has a structure. It is not just a random collection of sentences. The parts that make up the text are related in a meaningful way to each other.\u00a0 In order to make these relationships in the text clear, it is necessary to show how the sentences are related. Words like “it”, “this”, “that”, “here”, “there” etc. refer to other parts of the text. You need to understand how to use these connections or links.\u00a0<\/p>\n
There are four main types of links<\/strong> used in academic texts: reference, ellipsis and substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976).\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Certain items of language in English have the property of reference. That is, they do not have meaning themselves, but they refer to something else for their meaning.\u00a0<\/p>\n In this text “he” and “him” refers to “Hermann Ebbinghaus”. In order to create such a text, you need to us these words correctly in the text.\u00a0<\/p>\n Similarly,\u00a0<\/p>\n Other words used in this way are “he”, ” him”, “it”, “this”, “that”, “these”, “those”, “here”, “there” etc.\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Substitution <\/strong>is the replacement of one item by another and ellipsis <\/strong>is the omission of the item. If writers wish to avoid repeating a word, they can use substitution or ellipsis.\u00a0<\/p>\n Here, “so” means “studying memory experimentally”. The writer has substituted “studying memory experimentally” with “so”. Other words that can be used are “one”, “ones”, “do”, “so”, “not”.\u00a0<\/p>\n Ellipsis is substitution by zero.\u00a0<\/p>\n “Another part” means “Another part of the water” and “The remainder” means “The remainder of the water”.\u00a0<\/p>\n Similarly,\u00a0<\/p>\n Conjunction shows meaningful relationships between clauses. It shows how what follows is connected to what has gone before.\u00a0<\/p>\n The word “however” shows that this statement is opposite to the ideas that have come before. Other words used are “for example”, “as a consequence of this”, “firstly”, ” furthermore”, “in spite of this”, etc.\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t This is a way of achieving a cohesive effect by the use of particular vocabulary items. You can refer to the same idea by using the same or different words<\/strong><\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\n For cohesion to occur, it is not necessary for each word to refer to exactly the same item or even be grammatically equivalent. All the words related to “debt” contribute to the cohesion.\u00a0<\/p>\n Other commonly used are “repetition”, “synonyms” and “near synonyms”, “collocations”, “super\/sub-ordinate relationships” (e.g.\u00a0fruit\/apple, animal\/cat) etc.\u00a0<\/p>\n summarise the sentences mentioned before as a basis for further discussion.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t Another useful way to show the connection between the ideas in a paragraph is what Gill Francis (1986) calls anaphoric nouns. Look at the following text:\u00a0<\/p>\n The phrase “this problem” summarizes the text in the first sentence and thus provides the connection between the two sentences.\u00a0<\/p>\n Again, the phrase “This situation” summarizes the first sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n Again “This view” summarizes the information in the first sentence, the view (opinion) that music was a branch of mathematics.\u00a0<\/p>\n The phrase “this process” summarizes the first sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n Phrases, such as “this + Noun” and “these + Noun”, are very useful in showing the connection between sentences and therefore in making sure that the paragraph flows.\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t They include:<\/p>\n account, advice, answer, argument, assertion, assumption, claim, comment, conclusion, criticism, description, difficultly, discussion, distinction, emphasis, estimate, example, explanation, fall, finding, idea, improvement, increase, observation, proof, proposal, reference, rejection, report, rise, situation, suggestion, view, warning<\/p>\n\tReference<\/strong>:References<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Substitution and ellipsis<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Conjunction<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Lexical cohesion<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\tAnaphoric nouns\n\t<\/h2>\n
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Can you think of other nouns that are typically used as anaphoric nouns?<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t
\nhttp:\/\/www.uefap.com\/grammar\/cohesion\/cohesion.htm<\/a>\n\n\t\tShort Quiz\n\t<\/h2>\n\t\n
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